Table 3.1: Purdue OWL APA Guide for Citing Sources[6] | |
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Cite | Don’t Cite |
Words or ideas presented in a magazine, book, newspaper, song, TV program, movie, Web page, computer program, letter, advertisement, or any other medium. | Writing your own lived experiences, your own observations and insights, your own thoughts, and your own conclusions about a subject. |
Information you gain through interviewing or conversing with another person, face to face, over the phone, or in writing. | When you are writing up your own results obtained through lab or field experiments. |
When you copy the exact words or a unique phrase. | When you use your own artwork, digital photographs, video, audio, etc. |
When you reprint any diagrams, illustrations, charts, pictures, or other visual materials. | When you are using common knowledge—things like folklore, common sense observations, myths, urban legends, and historical events (but not historical documents). |
When you reuse or repost any electronically available media, including images, audio, video, or other media. | When you are using generally accepted facts, e.g. pollution is bad for the environment. |
Table 3.2: Written and Oral Source Citations[8][9] | ||
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Written Citations | Oral Citations | |
Original Text | You cannot do a nonstop flight to the second half of life by reading lots of books about it, including this one. Grace must and will edge you forward. | Your best defense against influenza—and its possible complications—is to receive an annual vaccination. In fact, CDC recommends that everyone 6 months and older get an annual flu vaccination. |
Paraphrase for Written Speech Materials | It is through the practice of showing grace that we grow and develop as individuals (Rohr, 2011). | The CDC (2008) suggests that people get a vaccination at least once a year to avoid the flu. |
Direct Quote for Written Speech Materials | According to Rohr (2011), “Grace must and will edge you forward” (p. 2). | There is something you can do to avoid the flu. The CDC states that, “Your best defense against influenza—and its possible complications—is to receive an annual vaccination” (para. 6). |
Oral Citation for Paraphrase | In Rohr’s 2011 book, Falling upward: A spirituality for the halves of life, he discussed how we show grace to others which allows us to grow and develop as individuals. | According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website (2008), people should get a preventative vaccination at least once a year to avoid the flu. |
Oral Citation for Direct Quote | Rohr (2011), in his book Falling upward: A spirituality for the two halves of life, stated that [pause] “Grace must and will edge you forward” [pause]. | On their website, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2008) states that, [pause] “your best defense against influenza—and its possible complications—is to receive an annual vaccination” [pause]. |
[Poster Title] “We experience the world by creating categories and making distinctions among them” (Langer, 1989, p. 11). | |
[Main Point 1 Content] | [Main Point 2 Content] |
Image |